The October judgment of the U. It was also fundamentally inconsistent with what US policymakers wanted to happen in the former Yugoslavia, and it had almost no impact on US policy. Yugoslavia—the land of South i. The country broke up under Nazi occupation during World War II with the creation of a Nazi-allied independent Croat state, but was reunified at the end of the war when the communist-dominated partisan force of Josip Broz Tito liberated the country.
While ostensibly a communist state, Yugoslavia broke away from the Soviet sphere of influence in , became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement in , and adopted a more de-centralized and less repressive form of government as compared with other East European communist states during the Cold War. However, a series of major political events served as the catalyst for exacerbating inherent tensions in the Yugoslav republic.
Following the death of Tito in , provisions of the constitution provided for the effective devolution of all real power away from the federal government to the republics and autonomous provinces in Serbia by establishing a collective presidency of the eight provincial representatives and a federal government with little control over economic, cultural, and political policy. External factors also had a significant impact. The absence of a Soviet threat to the integrity and unity of Yugoslavia and its constituent parts meant that a powerful incentive for unity and cooperation was removed.
Milosevic started as a banker in Belgrade and became involved in politics in the mids. He rose quickly through the ranks to become head of the Serbian Communist Party in While attending a party meeting in the Albanian-dominated province of Kosovo in May , Serbians in the province rioted outside the meeting hall. Milosevic spoke with the rioters and listened to their complaints of mistreatment by the Albanian majority. His actions were extensively reported by Serbian-controlled Yugoslav mass media, beginning the process of transforming the former banker into the stalwart symbol of Serbian nationalism.
Having found a new source of legitimacy, Milosevic quickly shored up his power in Serbia through control of the party apparatus and the press.
He moved to strip the two autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina of their constitutionally-guaranteed autonomy within Serbia by using mass rallies to force the local leaderships to resign in favor of his own preferred candidates.
By mid Kosovo and Vojvodina had been reintegrated into Serbia, and the Montenegro leadership was replaced by Milosevic allies. The increasing debt burden necessitated deep-rooted reforms after , in line with the economic stabilization program. Political demonstrations and actions that began in Kosovo in have spread to other republics over time. The tense relations between the republics led to frequent changes in government, leading to tremors in party and state levels.
The Communist Party entered a process of disintegration as a result of the struggle of radical Serbs against the freedoms granted to post liberalization and the freedoms granted to the autonomous republics. Yugoslavia state began to disintegrate along with the party. Serbia began its attacks against the separatist elements in Yugoslavia, led by Milosevic, who held the Yugoslavian army. As a result, Slovenia was the first state to leave Yugoslavia in , and in June Croatia, under the leadership of Franjo Tudman, decided for independence.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, led by Alija Izetbegovic, declared its independence after the referendum. On September 17, , based on a referendum held in Macedonia on September 8, , Macedonia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. After Macedonia became independent, Yugoslavia was completely disbanded. In , with the name, Yugoslavia now named as Serbia-Montenegro, the state of Yugoslavia was erased from history. In , Montenegro declared its independence by leaving Serbia.
On the other hand, in the course of the ongoing process, Kosovo, whose security was provided by NATO, left Serbia by declaring independence in Finally, with the independence of Kosovo, seven states emerged as a result of the disintegration of Yugoslavia.
The next state that came up in the region was called Yugoslavia for over a decade and then assumed its current name — Serbia and Montenegro. Towards the end of World War I, the disintegration of and Austria-Hungary, gave rise to numerous smaller kingdoms and states. The newly formed kingdom incorporated parts of the territory that had previously been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.
Additionally, four Bulgarian territories also joined this kingdom in This Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes existed for about a decade. In , the then monarch, King Alexander I assumed dictatorship and renamed the state Yugoslavia.
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