Unlike many other tribes east of the Mississippi River, the Iroquois generally did not favor the French over the English. A small group of Mohawks and Onondagas converted to Catholicism and aided the French, but most of the Iroquois assisted the English against the French.
During the American Revolution, many of the British-allied Iroquois joined with the British against the American colonists. A small number of the Iroquois lived in modern-day Ohio. Probably only several hundred Iroquois resided in Ohio at any one time.
They came there primarily to hunt. Some Iroquois who remained in Ohio developed their own political system and separated themselves entirely from the Iroquois living in the East.
Female members lived together with their husbands who belonged to other matrilineages in a single longhouse; a village would contain anywhere from a few small longhouses to as many as Several matrilineages formed the matrilineal clan which, besides being of symbolic and ceremonial importance, served to regulate marriage patterns.
Marriage was forbidden between members of a clan. For the most part these clans bore animal names like Bear, Wolf, Turtle, Snipe, Deer or Hawk, and members of a clan were considered family despite national allegiance. The league was governed by a council of 50 sachems supreme chiefs representing each clan and nation, with each of the five founding members of the confederacy represented by a delegation of eight to 14 members.
Each of these positions was hereditary within a matrilineage. The individual communities and villages were governed by councils of their own sachems and chiefs. Clan Mothers oversaw the actions of the chief, and appointed a new one on his death. Many Haudenosaunee people still follow traditional systems and will thus identify themselves by their clan and nation, and look to the chiefs, and the Clan Mothers who chose them, for guidance. Archeological evidence places Haudenosaunee in the area around present-day New York state by approximately to CE, and possibly as far back as BCE.
Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about CE. Estimates vary widely as to the founding date of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, with many claiming a date in the midth century. However, in , researchers Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields proposed a founding date of 31 August They arrived at this by consulting the full oral tradition, archaeology, historical record, and even astronomical and actuarial calculations.
With the coming of the fur trade in the 16th century, the Haudenosaunee embarked on successful campaigns to subjugate or disperse neighbouring groups. The French-allied Huron-Wendat were dispersed from their homeland after several villages were destroyed in and multiple individuals were adopted into the Haudenosaunee. These dispersal campaigns would also impact the Petun, Neutral and Erie in the following decade. The French maintained trading and military alliances with many of the enemies of the Iroquois; thus, Haudenosaunee and New France were often at war see Iroquois Wars.
During periods of peace some Haudenosaunee were converted to Catholicism and were persuaded to settle along the St Lawrence. The Haudenosaunee remained firmly tied to trading interests in Albany, New York. France attacked Haudenosaunee towns in , , and European colonists and Haudenosaunee had established an alliance of mutual non-interference in the early 17th century with the Two Row Wampum.
With the Treaty of Albany in , Haudenosaunee sold the lands of the Great Lakes to Britain in return for protection and continued hunting and fishing rights. Population losses owing to both disease and war had been considerable, even though the Haudenosaunee had absorbed large numbers of war captives and refugees. Despite official neutrality, the Mohawk, under the influence of Sir William Johnson , did, on occasion, take the field as English allies; and the Seneca at times fought beside French armies, as at the defeat of General Braddock in Except for the Oneida, who fought for the American cause, the Haudenosaunee supported the Loyalists and British in the American Revolution , joining that conflict in The Mohawk lost their homes to neighbouring rebel settlers, and many Seneca, Onondaga and Cayuga towns were burned in The Haudenosaunee and their allies, under the leadership of Joseph Brant and others, repeatedly attacked and burned American forts and settlements.
They continue to live under their own constitution and government. She lives mainly in the wilds of the Pacific Northwest. She is a Winnebago tribal member and an unenrolled Cherokee. She has reported tribal issues since , and global indigenous issues since Chat with her on Twitter TerriHansen.
Dating the Iroquois Confederacy. Akswesane Notes New Series, 1, Retrieved November 30, Iroquois Confederacy. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on November 20, History of the Mohawk Valley: Gateway to the West Chicago: The S. Clarke Publishing Company. Retrieved on November 27, Fordham University. Albany Plan of Union
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